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The court jester hypothesis is a term coined by University of California, Berkeley professor Anthony D. Barnosky in 1999, that describes the antithesis of the Red Queen Hypothesis in evolutionary theory. It refers to the idea that abiotic forces including climate, rather than biotic competition between species, is a major driving force behind the processes in evolution that produce speciation. == History == The red queen hypothesis is a term coined by Leigh Van Valen, in 1973,〔Michael J. Benton, "The Red Queen and the Court Jester: Species Diversity and the Role of Biotic and Abiotic Factors Through Time", Science February 6, 2009: Vol. 323 no. 5915 pp. 728–732 〕 in a reference to the Lewis Carroll book ''Through the Looking Glass'' and refers in evolution theory to the arms race of evolutionary developments and counter-developments that cause co-evolving species to mutually drive each other to adapt. There is dispute over how strongly evolution at the scale of speciation is driven by these competitions between species, and how much it is driven instead by abiotic factors like meteor strikes and climate change, but there was not an artful metaphor to capture this alternative until one was coined by Anthony Barnosky. The term "Court Jester hypothesis" was coined by Anthony Barnosky in 1999 in reference to the Red Queen hypothesis.〔Anthony Barnosky, "Does evolution dance to the Red Queen or the Court Jester?", 3 Annual Meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology USA (1999).〕 In a 2001 paper on the subject,〔Anthony Barnosky, "Distinguishing The Effects Of The Red Queen And Court Jester On Miocene Mammal Evolution In The Northern Rocky Mountains" Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 21(1):172–185, March 2001 http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/miomap/RESULTS-MIOMAP/barnoskyjvp2001.pdf〕 Barnosky uses the term without citation, suggesting that he is the one who coined it. Westfall and Millar attribute the term to him (citing the 2001 paper) in a paper of their own from 2004.〔Robert D. Westfall and Constance I. Millar, "Genetic consequences of forest population dynamics influenced by historic climatic variability in the western USA" Forest Ecology and Management 197 (2004) 159–170. http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/westfall/Westfall%20&%20Millar%2004.pdf〕 Michael Benton also credits Barnosky with coining the phrase.〔 Since 2001, many researchers in evolution (such as Tracy Aze,〔Thomas H. G. Ezard, Tracy Aze, Paul N. Pearson, and Andy Purvis, "Interplay Between Changing Climate and Species’ Ecology Drives Macroevolutionary Dynamics", Science April 15, 2011: Vol. 332 no. 6027 pp. 349–351 〕 Anthony Barnosky, Michael J. Benton,〔 Douglas Erwin,〔Jeremy B.C. Jackson and Douglas H. Erwin, "What can we learn about ecology and evolution from the fossil record?" Trends in Ecology and Evolution)〕 Thomas Ezard,〔 Sergey Gravilets,〔Sergey Gavrilets, et al., "Adaptive Radiation: Contrasting Theory with Data",Science February 6, 2009: 732–737. 〕 J.B.C. Jackson,〔 Paul N. Pearson,〔 Andy Purvis,〔 Robert D. Westfall,〔 and Constance I. Millar〔) have all started to use the term "Court Jester hypothesis" to describe the view that evolution at a macro scale is driven by abiotic factors more than the biotic competition called the Red Queen hypothesis. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Court jester hypothesis」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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